Sodium-glucose transport proteins

src: circ.ahajournals.org

Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (or sodium-glucose linked transporter, SGLT) are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 in PCT and SGLT1 in PST). They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. In the kidneys, 100% of the filtered glucose in the glomerulus has to be reabsorbed along the nephron (98% in PCT, via SGLT2). If the plasma glucose concentration is too high (hyperglycemia), glucose is excreted in urine (glucosuria) because SGLT are saturated with the filtered glucose. Glucose is never secreted by a healthy nephron.

Video Sodium-glucose transport proteins

Types

The two most well known members of SGLT family are SGLT1 and SGLT2, which are members of the SLC5A gene family. In addition to SGLT1 and SGLT2, there are five other members in the human protein family SLC5A, several of which may also be sodium-glucose transporters.

Maps Sodium-glucose transport proteins

SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes

SGLT2 inhibitors, also called gliflozins, are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Examples include dapagliflozin (Farxiga in US, Forxiga in EU), canagliflozin (Invokana) and empagliflozin (Jardiance).

src: droualb.faculty.mjc.edu

Function

Firstly, an Na+/K+ ATPase pump on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule cell uses ATP molecules to move 3 sodium ions outward into the blood, while bringing in 2 potassium ions. This action creates a downhill sodium ion gradient from the outside to the inside of the proximal tubule cell (that is, in comparison to both the blood and the tubule itself).

The SGLT proteins use the energy from this downhill sodium ion gradient created by the ATPase pump to transport glucose across the apical membrane, against an uphill glucose gradient. These co-transporters are an example of secondary active transport. Members of the GLUT family of glucose uniporters then transport the glucose across the basolateral membrane, and into the peritubular capillaries. Because sodium and glucose are moved in the same direction across the membrane, SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters.

src: classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com

History

In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.

Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first-ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.

src: www.mun.ca

See also

• Cotransport
• Cotransporter
• Glucose-galactose malabsorption
• Renal sodium reabsorption
• Discovery and development of SGLT-2 inhibitors

src: jpet.aspetjournals.org

References

src: rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org

External links

• Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Source of the article : Wikipedia